Spring:
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Spring is defined as, an elastic machine element, which deflects under the action of the load and returns to its original shape when the load is removed.
Basic Functions of Spring:
- Cushioning, absorbing, or controlling energy due to shock and vibration. example: Car
- Springs or railway buffers
- To control energy, springs-supports, and vibration dampers.
- Control of motion, and maintaining contact between two elements (cam and its follower)
- Creation of the necessary pressure in a friction device (a brake or a clutch)
- Restoration of a machine part to its normal position when the applied force is withdrawn (a governor or valve). A typical example is a governor for turbine speed control. A governor system uses a spring-controlled valve to regulate the flow of fluid through the turbine, thereby controlling the turbine speed.
- Measuring forces, spring balances, gages
- Storing of energy, in clocks or starters, the clock has a spiral type of spring that is wound to the coil and then the stored energy helps the gradual recoil of the spring when in operation.
Springs used in the IC Engines
The material used for Spring:
- Hard-drawn wire: This is cold-drawn, cheapest spring steel. Normally used for low stress and static load. The material is not suitable at subzero temperatures or at temperatures above 120°C.
- Oil-tempered wire: It is a cold-drawn, quenched, tempered, and general-purpose spring steel. However, it is not suitable for fatigue or sudden loads, at subzero temperatures and at temperatures above 180°C. When we go for highly stressed conditions then alloy steels are useful.
- Chrome Vanadium: This alloy spring steel is used for high-stress conditions and at high temperatures up to 220°C. It is good for fatigue resistance and long endurance for shock and impact loads.
- Chrome Silicon: This material can be used for highly stressed springs. It offers excellent service for long life, shock loading, and for temperatures up to 250°C.
- Music wire: This spring material is most widely used for small springs. It is the toughest and has the highest tensile strength and can withstand repeated loading at high stresses. However, it cannot be used at subzero temperatures or at temperatures above 120°C. Normally when we talk about springs we will find that the music wire is a common choice for springs.
- Stainless steel: Widely used alloy spring materials.
- Phosphor Bronze / Spring Brass: It has good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. That's the reason it is commonly used for contacts in electrical switches. Spring brass can be used at subzero temperatures.
Springs
Helical Spring Terminology:
Helical Spring Terminology
Where, d = wire diameter of spring (mm),
Di = inside diameter of spring coil (mm),
Do=Outside diameter of spring coil (mm),
D=mean coil diameter (mm).
Spring index(C) = Ratio of mean coil diameter to wire
Solid Length = Nt(Total no. of the coil) x d
COMPRESSED LENGTH:
The axial length of the spring is subjected to maximum compressive force.
When the spring is subjected to maximum force, there should be some gap or clearance between the adjacent coils.
The gap is essential to prevent clashing of the coil.
Total gap = (Nt ' 1) x gap between adjacent coils
FREE LENGTH:
The axial length of an unloaded helical compression spring. In this case, no external force acts on the spring.
STIFFNESS OF THE SPRING:
Force required to produce unit deflection,
where P = axial spring force (N)
δ= axial deflection of the spring corresponding to the force (mm)
Spring Index:
Spring index is defined as the ratio of the mean coil diameter to the wire diameter of the spring and is denoted as 'C'.
C = D/d = Mean coil diameter / Wire diameter
The spring index indicates the relative sharpness of curvature of the coil.
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The shear stress correction factor is defined as,
Shear Stress Correction Factor
Wahl correction factor is defined as,
Wahl Correction Factor
Resultant shear stress in the spring wire,
Resultant Shear Stress
Axial deflection ' δ ' of the spring:
Axial Deflection
Rate of spring:
Rate of spring
Rate of Spring
Advantages of Spring:
- Produce a good cushioning effect.
- Spring has a good shock-absorbing ability.
- It has high durability.
- Spring has the ability of stored energy inside it.
- It is easy to design and cheaper to produce.
- Spring is a maintenance-free device.
Dis-Advantages of Spring:
- Day by day its loose it shape and stability.
- Sometimes when the axial load of the spring is increased, it produce the buckling phenomena.
- If the spring is broken then it is hard to repair.
Application of Spring:
- Automobile suspension system.
- In cam-follower assembly, we use spring too.
- Spring is used in railway boogies.
- We used spring in the clutch, brake, and valve assembly to exert force on these objects.
- Springs are used in garage doors, gardening equipment, door lock, and many other household accessories.
Thank you for reading!
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