Zinc-carbon, also known as carbon-zinc or the Leclanché battery, is one of the earliest and least expensive primary batteries. It delivers 1.5V and often come with consumer devices. The first zinc-carbon invented by Georges Leclanché in was wet.
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Alkaline. Alkaline-manganese, also known as alkaline, is an improved version of the zinc-carbon battery and delivers 1.5V. Lewis Urry (&#;) invented alkaline in while working with the Eveready Battery Company laboratory in, Ohio, USA.
Alkaline delivers more energy at higher load currents than zinc-carbon. Furthermore, a regular household alkaline provides about 40 percent more energy than the average Li-ion but alkaline is not as strong as Li-ion on loading. Alkaline has very low self-discharge and does not leak electrolyte when depleted as the old zinc-carbon does, but it is not totally leak-proof.
All primary batteries produce a small amount of hydrogen gas on discharge and battery-powered devices must make provision for venting. Pressure buildup in the cell can rupture the seal and cause corrosion. This is visible in form of a feathery crystalline structure that can develop and spread to neighboring parts in the device and cause damage.
Lithium iron disulfide (Li-FeS2) is a newcomer to the primary battery family and offers improved performance compared to alkaline. Lithium batteries normally deliver 3 volts and higher, but Li-FeS2 has 1.5 volts to be compatible with the AA and AAA formats. It has a higher capacity and a lower internal resistance than alkaline. This enables moderate to heavy loads and is ideal for digital cameras. Further advantages are improved low temperature performance, superior leakage resistance and low self-discharge, allowing 15 years of storage at ambient temperatures.
The disadvantages of the Li-FeS2 are a higher price and transportation issues due to the lithium metal content in the anode. In , the US DOT and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) banned bulk shipments of primary lithium batteries on passenger flights, but airline passengers can still carry them on board if the allotted lithium content is not exceeded. Each AA-sized Li-FeS2 contains 0.98 grams of lithium; the air limitation of primary lithium batteries is 2 grams (8 grams for rechargeable Li-ion). This restricts each passenger to two cells, but exceptions have been made in which 12 sample batteries can be carried. (See BU-704a: Shipping Lithium-based Batteries by air)
The Li-FeS2 includes safety devices in the form of a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) that limits the current at high temperature and resets when normal. The Li-FeS2 cell cannot be recharged as is possible with NiMH in the AA and AAA formats. Recharging, putting a cell in backwards, mixing in a depleted cell or adding a foreign cell could cause a leak or explosion. (See BU-304a: Safety Concerns with Li-ion)
Figures 1 and 2 compare the discharge voltage and internal resistance of alkaline and Li-FeS2 at a 50mA pulsed load. Of interest is the flat voltage curve and the low internal resistance of lithium; alkaline shows a rapid voltage drop and a permanent increase in resistance with use. This shortens the runtime, especially at an elevated load.
Lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCI2 or LTC) is one of the most rugged lithium-metal batteries. The ability to withstand high heat and strong vibration enables horizontal drilling, also known as fracking. Some LTC are said to operate from 0°C to 200°C (32°F to 392°F). Other uses are in medical and sensor applications.
With a specific energy of over 500Wh/kg, LTC offers twice the capacity of the best Li-ion. The nominal voltage is 3.60V/cell; the end-of-discharge cut-off voltage is 3.00V. The runtime is not based on capacity alone; thermal conditions and load pattern also have an effect. Constant current is more enduring than pulsed load; a phenomenon that applies to most batteries.
Like alkaline, lithium-thionyl chloride has a relatively high resistance and can only be used for moderate discharge loads. If stored for a time, a passivation layer forms between the lithium anode and the carbon-based cathode that dissipates when applying a load. This layer protects the battery by granting low self-discharge and a long shelf life. (See BU-701: How to Prime Batteries)
LTC is one of the most powerful and potent battery chemistries and should only be used by trained workers. For safety reasons, this battery is not used in consumer devices.
Lithium manganese dioxide (LiMnO2 or Li-M) is similar to LTC but has a lower specific capacity and is safe for public use. The voltage is 3.0&#;3.30V and the specific energy is about 280Wh/kg. Li-M is economically priced, has a long life and allows moderate loads but can deliver high pulse currents. Operational temperature ranges from -30°C to 60°C (-22°F to 140°F). Typical uses are meter sensing, medical devices, road toll sensors and cameras.
Lithium sulfur dioxide (LiSo2) is a primary battery with a voltage of 2.8V and an energy density up to 330Wh/kg. It offers a wide temperature range of --54°C to 71°C (-65°F to 160°F) with a projected shelf life of 5&#;10 years at room temperature. LiSo2 is inexpensive to make and is commonly used by the military. The Iraqi war used tons of these batteries, but it is giving way to the more superior Li-M.
Note: Primary lithium batteries are also known as lithium-metal. The cathode is carbon and the anode holds the active material, the reverse of Li-ion, which features a carbon anode.
Table 3 summarizes the most common primary batteries.
CAUTION:
LTC and Li-M are safe but workers handling these batteries must be familiar with safety precautions, transportation and disposal. Protect the batteries from heat, short circuit, and physical or electrical abuses.SUNJ ENERGY are exported all over the world and different industries with quality first. Our belief is to provide our customers with more and better high value-added products. Let's create a better future together.
What is a secondary lithium battery? The difference between primary battery and secondary battery
Lithium batteries can be divided into primary lithium batteries and secondary lithium batteries . A secondary lithium battery pack refers to a lithium battery composed of several secondary battery packs, which is called a secondary lithium battery pack. A primary battery refers to a battery that cannot be recharged repeatedly, such as the 5th and 7th batteries we commonly use. Secondary batteries refer to batteries that can be recharged repeatedly, such as nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid , and lithium batteries. The following is a detailed introduction to the relevant knowledge of secondary lithium battery packs
What is a secondary lithium battery pack?
A secondary lithium battery pack refers to a lithium battery composed of several secondary battery packs, which is called a secondary lithium battery pack . A primary lithium battery is a lithium battery that cannot be charged, and a secondary lithium battery is a rechargeable lithium battery.
The primary lithium battery is mainly used in the civil field: public instrument RAM and CMOS circuit board memory and backup power supply: memory backup, clock power supply, data backup power supply: such as various smart card meters/; water meters, electricity meters, heat meters, gas meters, Cameras; electronic measuring instruments: intelligent terminal equipment, etc.; widely used in industrial fields for automation instruments and equipment: automotive electronics TPMS, oil wells, mines, medical equipment, anti-theft alarms, wireless communications, marine lifesaving, servers, frequency converters , touch screen, etc.;
Secondary lithium batteries that everyone can often come into contact with are used in mobile batteries, electric vehicle batteries, electric vehicle batteries, digital camera batteries and so on.
The difference between primary battery and secondary battery
Structurally, a secondary battery undergoes reversible changes between electrode volume and structure during discharge, while the interior of a primary battery is much simpler because it does not need to accommodate these reversible changes.
The mass-specific capacity and volume-specific capacity of the primary battery are larger than ordinary rechargeable batteries , but the internal resistance is much larger than that of the secondary battery, so the load capacity is lower.
Primary batteries have much less self-discharge than secondary batteries. Primary batteries can only be discharged once, for example, alkaline batteries and carbon batteries fall into this category, and secondary batteries can be used repeatedly.
The internal resistance of the primary battery is much higher than that of the secondary battery, and its high-current discharge performance is not as good as that of the secondary battery. Under the condition of small current and intermittent discharge, the mass specific capacity of the primary battery is greater than that of the ordinary secondary battery, but when the discharge current is greater than 800mAh , Then the capacity advantage of the primary battery will be significantly reduced.
Secondary batteries are more environmentally friendly than primary batteries. Primary batteries must be discarded after use, while rechargeable batteries can be used repeatedly. Next-generation rechargeable batteries that meet national standards can usually be used repeatedly for more than 1,000 times, which means that the waste generated by rechargeable batteries is less than 1/1,000 of that of primary batteries. The advantages of secondary batteries are obvious no matter from the perspective of waste reduction or resource utilization and economy.
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