The outbreak of COVID-19 has already generated a huge societal, economic and political losses worldwide. The present study aims to investigate the antiviral activity of Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) treated fabric against COVID-19 by using the surrogate Feline coronavirus. The antiviral analysis indicated that up to 94% of coronavirus was killed after contacting the CVC fabric treated with PHMB for 2 h, which suggests that PHMB treated fabric could be used for developing protective clothing and beddings with antiviral activity against coronavirus and can play a role in fighting the transmission of COVID-19 in the high-risk places.
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The global spread of COVID-19 has already resulted in serious societal, economic and political aftermath worldwide [1]. As of 9 April , the confirmed cases of COVID-19 have exceeded 132 million globally and the official death toll now stands at nearly 3 million and will continue to grow [2]. Although a number of COVID-19 vaccines have been listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergency use and many countries are starting to vaccinate, it is still necessary to perform personal protective measures, particularly in the high-risk public places. Textiles are a hotbed for the transmission of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms and viruses. Hence, there is a great need to develop antiviral protective clothing against COVID-19.
CVC (Chief Value Cotton) fabric is a blend of cotton and polyester with cotton equal to or over 50% of the blend. The high ratio of cotton to polyester threads imparts CVC fabric with many excellent performances such as breathability and durability. Moreover, the presence of polyester renders CVC fabric resistant to shrinkage and can withstand frequent household laundering. Due to these qualities, CVC fabric has become a staple in the sportswear industry and has been widely used for professional uniforms such as surgical gowns and medical scrubs. Cotton is capable of absorbing and retaining moisture and, thus, promotes the growth of microorganisms, which may result in some undesirable effects such as unpleasant odour, reduction in mechanical strength, stains and discolouration [3,4,5]. Moreover, the growth of microorganism can accelerate the hydrolysis of cellulose and cause deterioration of the fabric. Therefore, antibacterial finishing is of high importance for cotton and cotton blend fabric by eliminating the microbial colonization and the potential transfer from fabric surfaces.
Antibacterial finishing not only considers the selection of antibacterial agents but also emphasizes the durability of treated final products against wearing and household laundering. The ideal antibacterial agents should possess the virtues such as broad-spectrum germicidal efficacy, reasonable cost, biocompatibility and low toxicity. The affinity of selected antibacterial agents to fibers plays a vital role in the durability of antibacterial fabrics. In this regard, the hydrophilic polymeric antibacterial agents provide a better choice than the inorganic metal nanoparticles [6,7]. A wide variety of polymeric antibacterial agents have been developed, ranging from naturally derived biopolymers, such as chitosan and starch and synthetic polymers including quaternary ammonium salts, polybiguanide, triclosan and N-halamine, to inorganic metal nanoparticles, such as TiO2, ZnO and silver nanoparticles [6,7]. It has been reported that some antibacterial agents, e.g., triclosan and copper-based compounds, have been also used for the development of antiviral fabrics due to their antiviral activities [8]. Lyigundogdu and colleagues reported a triclosan-based antiviral formulation containing 0.03% triclosan, 3% sodium pentaborate pentahydrate and 7% glucapon for developing antiviral cotton fabrics [9]. The antiviral fabrics shows excellent results against adenovirus and poliovirus.
Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) is a commercial polycationic biocide because of its broad-spectrum biocidal activity and reasonable cost, which has been widely used in food industry, swimming pool sanitizers, leather preservatives, contact lens disinfectants, wound dressings and textile industry as an antibacterial agent [10,11]. PHMB consists of repeating biguanidine units separated by hexamethylene hydrocarbon chains. The antimicrobial activity of PHMB is highly associated with the cationic biguanide segments in the molecular structure, which can interact with the negatively charged phosphate head of bacterial phospholipids cell membrane and finally cause cell death [12,13]. The application of PHMB in textile finishing can be achieved by the conventional exhaust method of padding and spraying or pad-dry-cure process [14,15]. The adsorption of PHMB on cellulosic surface consists of a combination of typical Langmuir isotherms and Freundlich isotherms in a concentration-dependent manner, attributed to formation of monolayer aggregation and multilayer stacking of PHMB by electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding with a close 1:1 stoichiometry between charges [16,17,18]. This accounts for its strong affinity to cellulosic fibers and good durability against abrasion and household laundering after fabrics coating [19,20]. Therefore, it has been reported to develop wash-durable antimicrobial fabrics coated with PHMB [21]. Additionally, PHMB was shown to be active against HIV-1, and other biguanide derivatives were found to be effective against vaccinia and influenza viruses [22]. Pinto studied the virucidal properties and the mechanism of action of PHMB-based biocides in detail and found that PHMB shows modest virucidal activity against enveloped human virus by interacting with viral capsid and resulting in virus death [23]. Considering the good biocidal efficacy and biosafety of PHMB, we are hereby inspired to investigate the applicability of PHMB used for developing an antiviral fabric against COVID-19.
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What does CVC mean for Shirts? (CVC T-Shirts)
CVC stands for Chief Value Cotton and references a cotton and and polyester blend with a heavier percentage of cotton. CVC fabric is breathable and absorbent due to the higher ratio of cotton to polyester threads and durable along with being lower cost. The polyester blend with CVC fabric gives the shirts a slight textured look as well, which some customers prefer.
List of Best Selling CVC Shirts (Chief Value Cotton)
Link to Bella + Canvas CVC - Unisex CVC Jersey T-Shirt
Link to Next Level - Unisex CVC Short Sleeve Crew Shirt
View All Blank T-Shirts
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